Paternal Perinatal Depression: A Narrative Review
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Abstract
The perinatal period, which covers the time when a man’s partner becomes pregnant through to the first year after birth can be a time of great excitement, happiness, and joy. However, it can also be a time of great disruption and change. Despite the positive and protective long-term effect that fatherhood has on men’s health, a significant proportion of fathers’ experience depressive symptoms during the perinatal period. This paper aims to review studies that assessed symptoms of depression in fathers during the perinatal period and to describe the prevalence estimates, identify the risk factors and impact of depression, and establish if there are interventions that effectively reduce depression among fathers. A systematic search of relevant electronic databases including Medline, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, and Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection were searched using keywords related to paternal perinatal depression. Prevalence estimates of paternal perinatal depression varied widely between studies, ranging from 1 to 46%. Several sociodemographic variables that contribute to depression in fathers in the perinatal period were reported and these include paternal age, lower education levels, parity, an unplanned pregnancy, and maternal depression. Paternal perinatal depression is associated with morbidity within the father’s family, including depression in his partner, maladjustment to parenthood and future psychological problems in his children. In conclusion, evidence from this review adds further support for the need to review how we plan, provide and resource our health services, to recognize the influence that pregnancy, birth, and fatherhood in the perinatal period can have on men’s mental health.
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Philpott, L. F., Savage , E., Leahy-Warren , P., & FitzGearld, S. (2020). Paternal Perinatal Depression: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health, 3(1), e1-e15. https://doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v3i1.22
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14. Koh YW, Lee AM, Chan CY, et al. Survey on examining prevalence of paternal anxiety and its risk factors in perinatal period in Hong Kong: A longitudinal study. BMC Pub Health 2015;15(1):1131. Doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2436-4.
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17. Cameron EE, Sedov ID, Tomfohr-Madsen LM, Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: an updated meta-analysis. J Affect Dis 2016;206:189–203. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.044.
18. Philpott LF, Paternal postnatal depression: an overview for primary healthcare professionals. Prim Health Care 2016;26:23–27. doi: 10.7748/phc.2016.e1120.
19. Leach LS, Poyser C, Cooklin AR, et al. Prevalence and course of anxiety disorders (and symptom levels) in men across the perinatal period: a systematic review. J Affect Dis 2016;190:675–86.
20. Health Service Executive. Specialist Perinatal Mental Health Model of Care. 2018. Available at: https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/list/4/mental-health-services/specialist-perinatal-mental-health/specialist-perinatal-mental-health-services-model-of-care-2017.pdf.
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23. World Health Organisation. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. 2017. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf;sequence=1.
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