Universal HPV Vaccination – a Global Prerogative
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Abstract
Worldwide cancer incidence is increasing, with viral infections including human papillomavirus (HPV) responsible for a significantly higher number of cancer deaths in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) when compared to high income countries. Globally, in 2015, there were 72 national HPV vaccination programmes, and 39 demonstration or pilot programmes. Despite HPV’s impact on both sexes, for examples in malignancies such as oropharyngeal cancer (whose incidence is increasing across the world) few countries have a gender-neutral vaccination policy. Herd protection and cost-effectiveness are important considerations in potential extension of vaccination to males and while there is some suggestion that a targeted vaccination programmes for “high risk” groups, such as men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) may be preferable, a universal vaccination approach is the best solution to protect both men and women from HPV-related cancer and sexually transmitted disease. Higher incidence of certain HPV-related male cancers, lack of effective treatment, high prevalence of HIV, attitudes to MSM and sexual orientation, all support a universal vaccination strategy for LMICs. Thus, policy-makers and healthcare providers in LMICs need to take timely decisions to “prevent the preventable” by providing vaccination for both girls and boys.
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Prue, G., Graham, D., Shapiro, G., Santin, O., Banks, I., & Lawler, M. (2018). Universal HPV Vaccination – a Global Prerogative. International Journal of Mens Social and Community Health, 1(SP1), e14-e22. https://doi.org/10.22374/ijmsch.v1iSP1.7
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doi: 10.1128/CMR.05028-11
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18. D’Souza G, Wentz A, Kluz N, et al. Sex differences in risk factors and natural history of oral human papillomavirus infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2016;213(12):1893–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw063
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21. Bleeker M, Heideman D, Snijders P, et al.. Penile cancer: epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. World J Urol 2008;27(2):141–50. doi:10.1007/s00345-008-0302-z
22. Alemany L, Cubilla A, Halec G, et al. Role of human papillomavirus in penile carcinomas worldwide. Eur Urol 2016;doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.12.007
23. Wilkinson J, Morris E, Downing A, et al. The rising incidence of anal cancer in England 1990-2010: a population-based study. Colorectal Dis 2014;16(7), O234–O239. doi:10.1111/codi.12553
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26. Chin-Hong PV, Husnik M, Cranston RD, et al. Anal human papillomavirus infection is associated with HIV acquisition in men who have sex with men. AIDS 2009;23(9):1135–42. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832b4449.
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31. Patel H, Wagner M, Singhal P, Kathari S. Systematic review of the incidence and prevalence of genital warts. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:39. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-39.
32. Larson DA and Derkay CS. Epidemiology of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis. APMIS 2010;118(6–7):450–454. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02619.x.
33. Daley EM, Vamos CA, Zimet GD, et al. The feminization of HPV: reversing gender biases in US human papillomavirus vaccine policy, AJPH 2016;106 e1–e2.
34. Lehtinen MT, Eriksson D, Apter M, et al. Safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in adolescents aged 12-15 years: Interim analysis of a large community-randomized controlled trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016;12(12):3177–85. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1183847.
35. Van Damme P, Meijer CJ, Kieninger D, et al. A phase III clinical study to compare the immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines in men. Vaccine 2016;34(35):4205–12. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.056.
36. Yang DY and Bracken K. Update on the new 9-valent vaccine for human papillomavirus prevention. Can Fam Physician 2016;62(5):399–402.
37. Castellsagué X, Giuliano AR, Goldstone S, et al, Immunogenicity and safety of the 9-valent HPV vaccine in men. Vaccine 2015;33(48):6892–901.
38. Palefsky J, Giuliano A, Goldstone S, et al. HPV Vaccine against Anal HPV Infection and Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2011;365(17):1576–85. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1010971
39. Pinto LA, Kemp TJ, Torres BN, et al. K. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine induces HPV-specific antibodies in the oral cavity: results from the mid-adult male vaccine trial. J Infect Dis 2016;214(8):1276–83. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw359.
40. Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Albero G, et al. ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and related diseases in the world. Sum Rep 2015;12–23.
41. McClure CA, MacSwain MA, Morrison H, and Sanford CJ. Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake in boys and girls in a school-based vaccine delivery program in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Vaccine 2015;33:1786–90.
42. Drolet M, Benard E, Boily M, et al. Population-level impact and herd effects following human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15(5):565–80. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(14)71073-4
43. Marty R, Roze S, Bresse X, et al. Estimating the clinical benefits of vaccinating boys and girls against HPV-related diseases in Europe. BMC Cancer 2013;13(1):10. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-13-10
44. Favato G, Noikokyris E, and Vecchiato R. Ecological validity of cost-effectiveness models of universal HPV vaccination: a protocol for a systematic review. Systemat Rev 2017;6:17. doi: 10.1186/s13643-017-0409-7
45. Seto K, Marra F, Raymakers A, and Marra CA. The cost effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic review. Drugs 2012;72 (5):715–43. doi: 10.2165/11599470-000000000-00000.
46. Bogaards J, Wallinga J, Brakenhoff R, et al. Direct benefit of vaccinating boys along with girls against oncogenic human papillomavirus: bayesian evidence synthesis. BMJ 2015;350:h2016-h2016. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2016
47. Graham D, Isaranuwatchai W, Habbous S, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of human papillomavirus vaccination of boys for the prevention of oropharyngeal cancer. Cancer 2015;121(11):1785–92. doi:10.1002/cncr.29111
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